Face to face and specifically:

Teaching the lesson "GENERAL MORPHOLOGY" consists of lectures, tutorials and laboratory exercises. Attendance at tutorials and exercises is mandatory.

The elections develop the material described above.

The tutorials(in 5 groups of students, 1 teacher per group) summarize and deepen the material. In each tutorial, students familiarize themselves with the basic elements per unit and prepare for the laboratory exercises.

The laboratory exercises(in 5 groups of students, 1 teacher per group of 25-27 students) constitute the practical exercise of the students, are a necessary supplement to the lectures and aim to familiarize them with the use of techniques, the operation of instruments and the conduct of tests that are often used in Morphology, as well as helping to understand concepts that are not easily understood theoretically (learning based on practical experience).

Information and Communication Technologies are used to prepare lecture materials and provide online information and learning aids to students.

Specifically:

• Common software (eg powerpoint) is used to prepare lecture material and display slides and videos.
• The study guide (analytical material & additional bibliography), the tutorial material, the theory and the protocols of the laboratory exercises, the slides of the presentations after each lesson as well as videos and scientific articles related to the taught material are made available electronically and online at students through the e-class.
• Information about the course, the lecturers and their research interests and the Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy in general is available online on the website of the Department of Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine.
• Common software (eg excel) is used for the statistical processing of student evaluation.
• Announcements, information, etc. are available online and through e-class. Communication is also done via e-mail.

The assessment language of the students is Greek.

Evaluation methods.

A. In the laboratory exercises: Written Exams with short answer and problem solving questions.

Students' participation in the exercises is mandatory.

At the end of the semester, students are examined in writing on the content of the Workshops. On Laboratory exams material to be examined is the theory, the methodology and the methods of processing results included in the Laboratory Exercises Guide or developed by the lecturers during the laboratories. Only those who successfully participated in the laboratory exercises have the right to participate in the Laboratory exams. Passing the laboratory exams is a necessary condition for participation in the course exams.

B. In the tutorials: In each tutorial, students delve into the theoretical background of the laboratory exercises that will follow. The material of the tutorials is examined in writing together with the laboratory exams.

C. In theory – lecture material: Written Exams with questions multiple choice and True/False questions, development questions, oral examination of students with special needs.

The course exams are written, lasting 2 hours, and consist of multiple choice or True/False questions and critical or short answer questions. Examinable material is the material of lectures and tutorials as described above. Only those students who have passed the Laboratory exams have the right to participate in the course exams.

Final grade

The final grade of the course is calculated by 100% from the grade of the written exams of the course.

All of the above can be accessed by the students as they are contained in the Course Guide which is distributed in print to all students and is posted electronically in the e-class.

The course material aims to understand basic elements of the human organism for the microscopic structure of cells and tissues of the human body and to introduce students to the basic principles of tumorigenesis at the tissue level, cell growth and differentiation.

The course is the basis on which the student will rely to support the knowledge provided in the courses of longer semesters and specifically in the courses:

SPECIAL MORPHOLOGY, SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY I, SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY II, PATHOLOGY I, PATHOLOGY II

Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:

• Has an understanding of the basic principles of the morphology, structure and function of the normal tissues of the human body.
• He uses the basic equipment of the laboratory, the optical microscope, and to recognize through special histological techniques the special characteristics of each healthy tissue.
• Correctly approaches the structure of the main physiological tissues of the human body and understands their role and function
• He can collaborate with fellow students in a laboratory environment to carry out basic research work.

General Skills

• Search, analysis and synthesis of data and information, using the necessary technologies
• Adaptation to new situations
• Decision making
• Autonomous work
• Teamwork
• Exercise criticism and self-criticism
• Promotion of free, creative and inductive thinking

II. In compulsory schools – problem-based learning
Presentation, analysis, discussion of the normal tissues of the human body.

B. Practical and clinical skills
In the mandatory workshops – learning based on practical experience
Acquisition of general and specific practical skills by the medical students during the preparation
of laboratory exercises:
1. General skills
• observation of phenomena in the laboratory, recording and analysis of data
• handling of basic laboratory equipment and especially use of an optical microscope
• effective team work
• safe work in a laboratory environment
• receiving and following instructions
• perception of laboratory errors and identification of their sources
2. Special skills
– operation of an optical microscope
– familiarity with the use of objective lenses – magnifications

C. Knowledge – Lecture material

1. Introduction to Morphology: basic principles in the interpretation of histological sections, techniques of histological study and diagnosis
2. Basic principles of cytology Study object of Cytology, methods of obtaining cytological material, techniques of preparation of cytological materials. General morphological criteria for the identification of neoplastic cells. Contribution of cytology to the diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases, contribution of cytology to the prevention and treatment of neoplastic diseases (immunocytochemistry-molecular biomarkers)
3. Correlation of morphology and function in cells: Cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell organelles and inclusions, membrane transport proteins, cell signaling, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, membranes, protein synthesis and exocytosis, cell surface modifications. Nucleus, chromatin, epigenetics, cell cycle, mitosis. Extracellular substance, fibers, basement membrane.
4. Epithelial tissue: Covering epithelium. Monolayer epithelia and pseudostratified epithelium, stratified epithelia and transitional epithelium, pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Epithelial cell polarity and specializations, villi and cilia, epithelial junctions. Glandular epithelium: exocrine, endocrine glands, unicellular, multicellular glands.
5. Connective tissue: Functions, permanent and transient connective tissue cells, fibroblasts and collagen, mast cells, distribution and function of macrophages, classification of connective tissue, unicompartmental and multicompartmental adipose tissue.
6. Cartilage and Osseous Tissue: Compact bone, endochondral bone formation, early embryonic and hyaline cartilage, elastic and fibrous cartilage, compact bone and intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, types of osteal tissue, petaloid systems, growth of the bone lengthwise and widthwise, remodeling of osteitis tissue.
7. Blood and hematopoiesis: Peripheral blood, erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets. Bone marrow, stem, progenitor and progenitor cells. Hemostasis.
8. Muscle tissue: Molecular structure of skeletal muscle, types of muscle tissue, skeletal muscle tissue, skeletal muscle cell, structural organization of myofibrils, muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular synapse, muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organs, smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue , regeneration of muscle tissue.
9. Nervous tissue: Spinal nerve structure, nervous system cells, neurons and neuromuscular synapse. Central and Peripheral nervous system. Spinal cord, cerebellum, brain, blood-brain barrier, glial cells, sympathetic and sensory ganglia, peripheral nerve, choroid plexus.
10. Circulatory system: Structure of blood vessels. Artery and vein, Types of capillaries. Elastic type artery, Muscular type artery and vein, arterioles, venules, capillaries and lymphatics. Heart, endocardium, myocardium, epicardium.
11. Cell damage, necrosis, apoptosis: cell stress, acute cell damage, degeneration-deposits, cell death, necrosis, apoptosis. Mechanisms of cell damage and cell death, hypoxia, ischemia, oxidative stress, toxins. Cellular adaptation to stress, atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia.
12. Acute inflammation: General characteristics of inflammation, causes, identification of microbes and damaged cells, acute inflammation, changes in blood flow and vascular permeability, cells of acute inflammation, adhesion molecules, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, extracellular traps of neutrophil cells, tissue damage, morphological features of acute of inflammation, outcome of acute inflammation.
13. Chronic inflammation and repair: causes of chronic inflammation, morphological characteristics, cells and chemical mediators of chronic inflammation, cytokines and chemokines, complement system, granulomatous inflammation, tissue repair, regeneration mechanisms, scarring, angiogenesis, fibrosis
14. General principles of neoplasia-Oncogenesis: Introductory concepts in tumors, nomenclature, differentiation, dysplasia, metaplasia, anaplasia, degree of malignancy, infiltration and metastasis, precursor morphological changes, main characteristics of cancer, molecular tumorigenesis, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes of repair mechanisms, basic mechanisms of molecular carcinogenesis, chromosomal and microsatellite instability of the genome, methods of laboratory diagnosis of cancer. Epidemiological data, environmental factors. Molecular basis of carcinogenesis, genetic and karyotypic alterations, heredity, radiation, chemical carcinogenesis, oncogenic viruses and microbes. Cancer hallmarks, signaling molecules. Autophagy and volume metabolism.

Recommended books:

1. Histology

Book Code in Eudoxos: 77114885

Edition: 3rd GREEK 4th ENGLISH/2018

Authors: LESLIE P. GARTNER

ISBN: 9789605833022

Type: Journal

Owner (Publisher): PARISIANOU MONOPROSPI ANONYMOUS PUBLISHING IMPORT TRADING COMPANY OF SCIENTIFIC BOOKS

2. Histology with Elements of Cell Biology 2nd ed

Book Code in Eudoxos: 112691114

Edition: 2/2023

Authors: Kierszenbaum Abraham L., Tres Laura L.

ISBN: 9789925350490

Type: Journal

Owner (Publisher): BROKEN HILL PUBLISHERS LTD 

Other writings:

General pathology lecture notes (inflammation/neoplasia)

B. LABORATORIES

GENERAL MORPHOLOGY LABORATORY GUIDE

Related scientific journals:

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