SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY I

Teaching her lesson "SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY I" consists of lectures, tutorials and laboratory exercises. Attendance at tutorials and exercises is mandatory.

The elections develop the material described above.

The clinically tutorials (in 4 groups of students, 1 teacher per group) summarize and deepen the material. In each tutorial, students become familiar with the basic elements per unit and learn to combine histopathology with clinical imaging and clinicopathological-anatomical diagnosis.

The laboratory exercises (in 4 groups of students, 1 teacher per group of 25-27 students) constitute the practical exercise of the students, are a necessary supplement to the lectures and aim to familiarize them with the use of techniques, the operation of instruments and the conduct of tests frequently used in PATHOLOGY ANATOMY, as well as helping to understand concepts that are not easily understood theoretically (learning based on practical experience).

Information and Communication Technologies are used to prepare lecture materials and provide online information and learning aids to students.

Specifically:

• Common software (eg powerpoint) is used to prepare lecture material and display slides and videos.
• Syllabus & additional bibliography, tutorial material (clinical cases for elaboration), handover slides after each lesson as well as videos and scientific articles related to the course material are made available to students electronically and online through the e-class.
• Information about the course, the lecturers and their research interests and the PATHOLOGY ANATOMY Laboratory in general is available online on the website of the Department of Medicine

Announcements, information, etc. are available online and through e-class. Communication is done via e-mail at pathology.department@uth.gr

Evaluation methods.

A. In the laboratory exercises: Written Exams with short answer and problem solving questions.

Students' participation in the exercises is mandatory.

At the end of the semester, students are examined in writing on the content of the Workshops. On Laboratory exams material to be examined is the theory, the methodology and the methods of processing results included in the Laboratory Exercises Guide or developed by the lecturers during the laboratories. Only those who successfully participated in the laboratory exercises have the right to participate in the Laboratory exams. Passing the laboratory exams is a necessary condition for participation in the course exams.

B. In the tutorials:  Public Presentation, Oral Examination

In each tutorial, students delve into the theoretical background of the laboratory exercises that will follow. The material of the tutorials is examined in writing together with the laboratory exams.

C. In theory – lecture material: Written Exams with questions

multiple choice and True/False questions, judgment or short development questions, oral examination of students with special needs. The course exams are written, lasting 2 hours, and consist of multiple choice questions, True/False questions, short development questions, oral examination of students with special needs. Examinable material is the material of lectures and tutorials as described above. Only those students who have passed the Laboratory exams have the right to participate in the course exams.

Final grade

The final grade of the course is calculated by 100% from the grade of the written exams of the course.

The course material aims to understand the basic elements and the pathogenetic mechanisms of the respective diseases, combined with epidemiological data and clinical correlations. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of the classic histopathological but also the newer molecular-cytogenetic characters of tumors with prognostic and predictive significance.

The course is the basis on which the student will rely to support the knowledge provided in the courses of longer semesters and specifically in the courses: DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING I, OBSTETRICS-GYNECOLOGY

Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:

• He has an understanding of the basic morphological changes that occur in the tissues and organic systems of the human body.
• Writes and recognizes, through special histological techniques, the differences between normal tissue structures and lesions related to inflammatory diseases, precancerous lesions and neoplasms
• Makes use of the terms correctly and combines them with basic knowledge of other subjects
• Correctly approach and analyze histopathological and molecular biomarkers of neoplasms that have prognostic and predictive significance
• Collaborate with fellow students to create papers and basic research to present at student conferences.

General Skills

• Search, analysis and synthesis of data and information, using the necessary technologies
• Adaptation to new situations
• Decision making
• Autonomous work
• Teamwork
• Exercise criticism and self-criticism
• Promotion of free, creative and inductive thinking

A. Theoretical clinical skills
I. By theory chapter
1. Diseases of the gastrointestinal system I
2. Diseases of the gastrointestinal system II
3. Liver diseases
4. Pancreas, Bile duct: inflammatory diseases, benign, malignant neoplasms
5. Breast : Benign conditions and neoplasms. Malignant neoplasms. Clinical significance of specific cytogenetic alterations-therapeutic targets
6. Female reproductive system I: Diseases of the vulva, vagina, cervix, endometrium-myometrium, ovaries-fallopian tube, trophoblastic disease of pregnancy
7. Female reproductive system II: Ovary-fallopian tube diseases, trophoblastic disease of pregnancy
8. Kidney I non-neoplastic diseases
9. Kidney II neoplasms of the kidney
10. Diseases of the urinary tract
11. Male reproductive system I: diseases of the prostate gland

12. Male reproductive system II: diseases of testicles, penis
13. Diseases of heart vessels I
14. Diseases of heart vessels II

II. In compulsory clinical tutorials – problem-based learning
Presentation, analysis, discussion and treatment of real clinical cases
patients with the aforementioned pathological conditions.

B. Practical and clinical skills
In the mandatory workshops – learning based on practical experience
Acquisition of general and specific practical skills by the medical students during the preparation
of laboratory exercises:
1. General skills
• Microscopic observation of clinical cases in the laboratory
• operation of an optical microscope
• effective team work
• safe work in a laboratory environment
• receiving and following instructions
• perception of laboratory errors and identification of their sources
2. Special skills
– Using an optical microscope
– familiarity with magnifying lenses
– microscopic observation of laboratory slides and familiarization with digitized histological slides

C. Knowledge – Lecture material

1-2. Diseases of the oral cavity and gastrointestinal system
• Congenital and mechanical anomalies of the esophagus
• Achalasia, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, esophageal varices
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Barrett's esophagus, dysplasia, carcinoma
• Adenocarcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
• CMV esophagitis, herpes esophagitis, Candida albicans esophagitis
• Stomach ailments
• Pyloric stenosis, congenital hiatal hernia
• Acute hemorrhagic gastritis, gastric ulcer
• Chronic gastritis, autoimmune atrophic gastritis
• Intestinal gastric carcinoma, diffuse type
• Hypertrophic gastritis
• GIST
• Hirschsprung's disease
• Malabsorption syndromes: celiac disease, Whipple's disease
• Inflammatory bowel disease: Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, indeterminate colitis
• Toxic megacolon
• Dysplasia in IBD
• Ischemic bowel disease
• Pseudomembranous colitis, infectious colitis
• Angiodysplasia
• Appendicitis
• Tubular, villous adenomas
• Colon adenocarcinoma
• Familial adenomatous polyposis
• Lynch syndrome
• Carcinoid
• Diverticular bowel

3. Liver diseases
• Cirrhosis of the liver
• inflammations-hepatitis, chronic – acute hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis
• alcoholic steatosis
• hemochromatosis
• Liver disease from α1-AT deficiency
• Primary biliary cirrhosis
• genetic alterations hemochromatosis, n. Wilson
• Drug-induced liver changes
• cholangiopathies
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis
• Budd-Chiarri syndrome
• Chronic passive hyperemia of the liver, hemangioma
• benign and malignant neoplasms

4. Pancreas, Bile duct: inflammatory diseases, benign, malignant neoplasms
• Acute – chronic pancreatitis
• Types of diabetes
• Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
• Pancreatic endocrine tumors – MEN 1, 2
• General about bile and bile salts.
• General about gallstones
• The different types of gallstones, morphological images.
• Mechanisms of gallstone formation.
• Risk factors for the formation of gallstones.
• Cholesterolosis, morphology, clinicopathological correlation.
• Complications of gallstones..
• Acute cholecystitis (morphology, clinicopathological correlations, etiopathogenic correlations).
• Chronic cholecystitis (morphology, clinicopathological correlations).
• Gallbladder carcinoma (morphology, clinicopathological correlations, prognostic parameters.

5. Breast: Benign conditions and neoplasms. Clinical significance of specific cytogenetic alterations-therapeutic targets
• General view of breast diseases.
• Brief review of normal microscopic structure. About myoepithelial cells.
• Clinical problems in which the investigation involves a biopsy.
• About fibrocystic lesions: What are they and how common are they?
• Historical retrospection – the mistaken view of the disease and the therapeutic implications, in the distant past.
• Macroscopic and microscopic images of fibrocystic lesions.
• Pathogenetic interpretations.
• Clinical significance of fibrocystic lesions.
• Hyperplastic breast lesions with an increased risk of developing cancer.
• Typical and atypical intraductal hyperplasia.
• The concept of DIN.
• Intraductal carcinoma of the breast (incidence, clinical presentation, prognosis, progression).
• Intraductal carcinoma of the breast (macroscopic and microscopic images).
• Microfiltration in intraductal carcinoma.
• Paget's disease of the breast: Macroscopic and microscopic histopathological images.
• Small duct papillomas: morphology, clinical associations.
• Large pore papillomas: morphology, clinical correlates.
• Lobular carcinoma in situ: morphology, concept, biological significance, frequency, clinical presentation.
• LIN (lobular intraepithelial neoplasia): concept and examples.
• Nodule-type carcinoma (NOS): morphology, macroscopic and microscopic and correlation with images on mammography.
• Ductal-type carcinoma: Subtypes and corresponding frequencies.
• Indicative morphological images of NOS.
• Vascular filtration.
• Grade and generally prognostic indicators (ER, PR, Her2).
• Infiltrating lobular carcinoma: morphological images.
• Diagnostic difficulties. Immunohistochemistry for E cadherin.
• Special evidence for the biological behavior of lobular carcinoma.
• Myeloid carcinoma: morphology, pathobiological associations.
• Mucinous carcinoma: morphology, pathobiological associations.
• Tubular carcinoma of the breast: morphology, clinical / prognostic correlations.
• Radiant scar: morphology, its imaging appearance as a "possible" neoplastic lesion.
• Sclerosing adenosis: morphology and how it mimics carcinoma.
• Adenosis from small adenomas: morphology and difficulty in distinguishing it from invasive carcinoma.
• Porectasia: morphology, clinical appearance.
• Lipocrosis: morphology. Because it can be "mistaken" as carcinoma, especially in rapid biopsies.
• Inflammatory carcinoma: morphology, clinical and prognostic associations.
• Which woman is most at risk of developing breast cancer?
• Familial breast cancer: basic information.
• Main factors that can determine the prognosis in breast cancer. The importance of the "stage" of the disease.
• How breast cancer "spreads".
• Ancillary prognostic indicators. Examples of applications of such markers in histopathology.
• How does the need for "new genetic" prognostic markers arise.
• Fibroadenoma: morphology, biology of workup.
• Leafy tumor: morphology, biology of processing, difficulties in assessing biological behavior, criteria for predicting aggressive biological behavior.
• Gynecomastia: etiopathogenetic associations, morphology

6-7. Female reproductive system: Diseases of the vulva, vagina, cervix, endometrium-myometrium, ovaries-fallopian tubes, trophoblastic disease of pregnancy

Basic vulvar diseases:
Warts: macroscopic and microscopic morphology.
– Virus detection by in situ hybridization
– Emphasis on the basic / common components that "compose" the morphological image.
– Emphasis on cell morphology (mere mention of mechanisms involved in cell pathomorphology).
VIN: morphology and the concept of intraepithelial neoplasia. Reference to flat wart.
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: clinical picture, morphology, prognostic indicators. Acrochord type morphology.
Leukoplakia: use and abuse of the term, histopathologically respectively.
Lichen sclerosus/atrophic: macroscopic and microscopic morphology, etiopathogenetic correlations. Relationship to vulvar carcinoma.
Paget's disease of the vulva: macroscopic and microscopic appearance, associations and differential diagnosis.
Papillary hidradenoma: differential diagnosis (clinical) and morphology, (macroscopic and microscopic image).
Cystic dilatation of the Bartholinian duct: clinical and morphological picture.

Basic sinus conditions:
VAIN: morphology, relation to HPV types
Atrial adenosis: macroscopic and microscopic picture. Aetiological associations, with an emphasis on the possible development of carcinoma.
Fibroepithelial sinus polyp: macroscopic and microscopic picture. Possible problems from inadequate histopathological diagnosis.
Embryonic rhabdomyosarcoma (botryoid): Clinical – macroscopic picture and histopathological picture. Basic epidemiological and prognostic data.

Basic cervical diseases:
Intraepithelial neoplasia calibration. Comparison of the three-stage and two-stage system (CIN vs LSIL/HSIL). Criteria for distinguishing the various degrees of intraepithelial neoplasia (in the squamous epithelium).
Morphology of corresponding cytological images. Basic principles in exfoliative cytology.
Image and "concept" of microinvasive (or "superficially invasive") carcinoma.
Invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: macroscopic images, staging (with graphic representation). Microscopic morphology and histological grading criteria.
Risk factors for "developing" cervical squamous cell carcinoma.
Cervical adenocarcinoma: microscopic morphology, emphasis on the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ and the clinical significance of this diagnosis. Auxiliary diagnostic markers (simple reference).
Endocervical polyp: morphology (macroscopic and microscopic), clinical presentation. Cervicitis: colposcopic picture. Diagnostic approach, etiology. The concept of pelvic inflammatory disease and its distribution. Clinical presentation and complications.

Basic diseases of the endometrium - myometrium:
Endometrial hyperplasia: morphology and comparison with endometrial polyp. Macroscopic differences. Microscopic differences. Etiology and clinical correlates. Morphological picture of simple hyperplasia. Morphological image of complex hyperplasia. Morphological image of atypical endometrial hyperplasia. The concept of early cancerous or precancerous change. Relationship between polyp and endometrial carcinoma. Basic morphological criteria for polyp diagnosis. Varying incidence of polyp due to different diagnostic approach in different pathology laboratories.
Endometrial carcinoma: Macroscopic view. Microscopic image. Distinguish from complex / atypical hyperplasia. Various histopathological types and corresponding models of carcinogenesis. Grading criteria. Relative frequency. The depth of infiltration as a prognostic factor and its application in daily surgical practice. Staging of endometrial carcinomas.

Endometrial stromal sarcoma: Macroscopic and imaging picture. Basic / diagnostic microscopic images. Differentiation of low grade and high grade stromal sarcoma and its biological significance.
Malignant mixed Müllerian tumor of the endometrium: Macroscopic view. Microscopic findings. Biological behavior. Potential diagnostic problems due to inappropriate specimen or incomplete histopathological evaluation.
Leiomyomas: Frequency, biological behavior, clinical presentation. Macroscopic image. Miniature pictures. Degenerative atypia (symplastics) and the importance to avoid misdiagnosis.
Leiomyosarcomas: What are the "diagnostic criteria" and how pathologists use them for evaluation. The diagnostic value of mitoses and a certain type of necrosis.
Adenomyosis: Frequency, clinical presentation. Macroscopic image. Microscopic image. Potential problem in assessing the depth of infiltration of coexisting carcinoma
Endometriosis: What is it, "definition". Clinical events. Morphological findings. Chocolate cysts. Variety of locations. Relationship to cancer development. Etiopathogenic views. Emphasis on unusual findings and their importance in daily diagnostic practice.

Basic ovarian diseases:
"Histogenetic" classification of primary ovarian neoplasms (frequencies). Neoplasms of the "pluripotent" surface epithelium of the ovary.
The concept of borderline malignant tumors and its evolution from an empirical / morphological approach to matching with intermediate phases of biological evolution of said neoplasms.
Ovarian serous tumors: Types, nomenclature and corresponding morphological images, (macroscopic and microscopic). The recognition of stroma filtration and its biological significance.
Ovarian mucinous tumors: Types, nomenclature and corresponding morphological images, (macroscopic and microscopic). The recognition of stroma filtration and its biological significance.
Endometrioid neoplasms of the ovary: Morphology and biological behavior. Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary: Morphology, emphasis on the morphological criteria by which it is distinguished from other ovarian tumors.
Brenner tumors of the ovary: Macroscopic and microscopic picture, relationship of morphology with phenotypic characteristics, biological behavior and how it corresponds to morphological variations.
Thecoma: Macroscopic and microscopic picture. Biological behavior. Relationship with endometrial diseases.
Fiber: Macroscopic and microscopic picture. Biological behavior, clinical correlates.
Ovarian granulocytic tumors: Comments on differentiation. Macroscopic and microscopic images. Biological behavior and the importance of early diagnosis. Clinical correlates and the importance of early diagnosis.
Sertoli – Leydig tumors: Macroscopic images, microscopic images. Differentiation and
"functional" events. Biological behavior.
Ovarian germ cell tumors: Correspondence with corresponding testicular tumors where the study of morphology is referred. Teratomas are described at this point. Morphology of mature cystic teratoma and morphology of aurora / malignant teratoma. Reference to the grading system based on the percentage of the aurora neuroepithelial element. Reference to other tumors which may develop in teratoma terrain. The role of the pathologist in the assessment of the biological behavior of teratomas.
Krukenberg tumor: Macroscopic and microscopic picture. Biological behavior. Possible primary foci. Differentiation from ovarian tumors with a similar macroscopic picture.

Main fallopian tube diseases:
Chronic salpingitis, etiology and morphology Ectopic, tubal pregnancy.

Gestational trophoblastic disease: multiple pregnancy and choriocarcinoma.

Full molar pregnancy: Macroscopic and microscopic picture. Pathogenesis. Possible "complications". Partial molar pregnancy: Microscopic picture and comparison with full molar pregnancy. The difficulty in morphological diagnosis. Auxiliary diagnostic accesses. Pathogenesis. Biological behavior.
Infiltrative molar pregnancy: Macroscopic and microscopic picture. Pathogenesis. Relationship between vascular infiltration and various clinical manifestations.
Choriocarcinoma: Macroscopic and microscopic picture. The role of molecular methodology to identify the "substrate" on which it developed. Metastases. The role of early chemotherapy and therefore early diagnosis.
Spontaneous wave abortions: Causes and mechanisms by trimester. Causes during the first trimester. Ectopic pregnancy (morphology and locations). Basic facts about the structure of the placenta. Causes during the second trimester. Chorioamnionitis, macroscopic and microscopic images. Meconium staining, morphology and forensic significance. Spontaneous miscarriages in the 3rd trimester, a brief overview of the causes. The two main causes of bleeding before delivery. Twin pregnancy. Inflammation of placental villi. Basic umbilical cord abnormalities.

8-9-10. Kidney and urinary tract:
• glomerulonephritis – basic histological changes
• pathogenic mechanisms in glomerulonephritis
• glomerular diseases – nephrotic syndrome
• inflammations – acute-chronic pyelonephritis
• Berger's disease
• Nephropathy in SLE
• Diabetes mellitus glomerulopathy
• Potter syndrome
• Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis)
• Nephritis from circulating/local immune complexes
• Kidney neoplasms
• By what criteria is a kidney neoplasm defined as an "adenoma"
• Elements of differential diagnosis of focal papillary tubular hyperplasia
• Similarities and differences of various histopathological types of renal cell carcinomas. Can a distinction be made only by the morphology of the cytoplasm or by the presence of papillae?
• Grading criteria
• Prognostic factors (comparison and ranking of the prognostic "value" of each factor eg histological type vs grade vs extracapsular filtration etc).
• Contribution of immunophenotyping to the differential diagnosis of the histological types of renal carcinomas
• Molecular/genetic analyzes and the differentiation of renal cell carcinomas into distinct entities (not just phenotype).
• Differentiation of neoplasms from other neoplasms. Is a needle biopsy possible? Is the presence of vascular infiltration compatible?
• Pediatric kidney tumors - nephroblastoma - mesoblastic nephroma
• Morphology of nephroblastoma. Emphasis on individual morphological elements.
• Nephroblastoma prognostic markers and molecular / genetic markers.
• Angiomyolipoma: pathogenesis, immunophenotype, PEComas in general.
• Problems in the diagnosis of cystic neoplasms of the kidney.
• The identification of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (classic and rare examples of differential diagnosis with an emphasis on possible errors).
• Tumors of the urinary bladder and urinary tract (kidney caps, renal pelvis, ureter and urethra)
• Papillomas: morphology, etiology
• Carcinomas from transitional epithelium (urothelial) - morphology - histopathological changes
• In situ carcinoma from transitional epithelium - morphology, histopathological changes
• Epidemiological data - risk factors - biological behavior of bladder cancers (p16, p53, FGFR3 mutations)
• Grade of malignancy (grading), differentiation-depth of infiltration and clinical significance

11-12. Male reproductive system: diseases of the testicles, penis, prostate gland
Testicular-penile diseases
• Cryptology
• Orchitis tuberculous, granulomatous
• Testicular torsion
• Spermatocele, seminal granuloma
• Testicular neoplasms: seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teratoma –
morphological-histopathological picture
• Volume of the vocal sac
• Etiology of male infertility
• Leydig, Sertoli cell tumors
• Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis - morphological-histopathological picture
• Acrochordon carcinoma - morphological-histopathological picture
• Papillomatosis – HPV role
• Hypospadias
Prostate diseases
• Correlation of morphological data (macro-microscopic) in prostatic hyperplasia.
• Evidence of pathogenicity.
• Difficulties in evaluating the PIN. What does it mean for the patient, how will the urologist handle the information.
• Adenocarcinoma of the prostate:
– familiarity with the histopathological image.
– The importance of the Gleason score in the management of patients
– Familiarity with staging
– Morphological problems in needle-biopsy diagnosis
– The role of immunohistochemistry and seeking a valid second opinion
– The importance of distinguishing ductal carcinoma and the possible mistakes of not distinguishing it
• Morphology of chronic prostatitis and malacoplakia. Another "source" of "problems" in the morphological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma.
• Quality problems in the management of biopsy material in the laboratory and their importance for the specialist physician.

13. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
• Repetition of fundamental knowledge of anatomy and histology of the heart
• Congestive heart disease:
• Definition, comments on etiology and mechanisms
• Left ventricular failure (pulmonary edema, heart failure macrophages)
• Right ventricular failure (congestion of soft tissues and abdominal viscera, "muscocaryoid" liver)
o Ischemic (coronary) heart disease:
• Definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, types of angina pectoris, sudden cardiac death
• Myocardial infarction (pathogenesis, histopathological picture depending on the age of the infarction, complications)
• Chronic ischemic heart disease (morphology of atherosclerotic coronary arteries and myocardium)
o Hypertensive heart disease (etiology, morphology of hypertrophic left ventricular myocardium)
o Pulmonary heart (etiogenesis of acute and chronic pulmonary heart and corresponding morphological changes of the right ventricle)
o Valvular heart diseases:
• Rheumatic fever (pathogenesis, histopathological picture of Aschoff nodule, types of valvular disease, extracardiac manifestations, complications)
• Aortic stenosis from calcification (morphology, CAD)
• Mitral valve prolapse (morphology, CAD)
• Non-microbial thrombotic endocarditis (morphology, CFS)
• Infective endocarditis (pathogenesis, aggravating factors, locations, morphology, complications)
• Changes in the ground of prosthetic valves Myocarditis (morphology, etiological factors)
Cardiomyopathies (histopathological changes of dilated, hypertrophic and restrictive cardiomyopathy, CAD)
Congenital heart diseases
• Atrial septal defects (findings, CAFS)
• Defects of the mediastinal septum (loculations, ACS)
• Open ductus arteriosus (mechanism, CPAS)
• Tetralogy of Fallot (definition, CPAS)
• Displacement of large vessels (definition, CABG)
• Stenosis of the aortic isthmus (types of stenosis, CAD)
Pericarditis (morphology, types of pericardial effusions, CKD) Neoplasms of the heart
• Myxoma (location, morphology, CPAS)
• Rhabdomyoma (morphology, association with nodular sclerosis)
• Metastatic heart neoplasms (most common types)

14. DISEASES OF BLOOD VESSELS
• Repetition of fundamental knowledge of histology of blood vessels
• Comments on the 'normal' vascular wall and its linings, as well as the normal functions of the endothelial cell.
• Basic histopathological alterations of the vascular wall after the action of various factors that cause vascular damage
• Diseases of the arteries
• Atherosclerosis:
• definition, comments on its importance in Western societies
• epidemiological data, risk factors
• association of hypercholesterolemia (and LDL/HDL ratio) with atherosclerosis
• comments on the pathogenesis, mechanism and stages of atherosclerotic plaque formation
• cellular composition of the atheromatous plaque in its various stages of development and histopathological alterations of the various elements of the arterial wall (endothelium, muscularis sheath)
• comments on the role of macrophages and their cytokines in the progression of atherosclerotic plaque
• complications of atherosclerotic plaques (calcification, ulceration, thrombosis, bleeding, aneurysm) and their clinical significance
• Hypertension and hypertensive vascular disease:
• definition, epidemiological data, types of hypertension
• comments on the mechanisms of hypertension
• histopathological alterations of blood vessels in hypertension (vitreous atherosclerosis, hyperplastic atherosclerosis)
• Angiitis:
• definition, classification
• comments on the role of immune complexes and antineutrophil antibodies (ANCA) in immune-type vasculitis
• Polyarteritis nodosa (localization, pathogenesis, morphology, CPAS)
• Wegener's granulomatosis (localization, pathogenesis, morphology, CPAS)
• Microscopic polyarteritis (localization, pathogenesis, morphology, CPAS)
• Temporal (giant cell) arteritis (localization, pathogenesis, morphology, CPAS)
• Arteritis Takayasu (pulseless disease): location, pathogenesis, morphology, CSF
• Obstructive thromboangiitis (Buerger's disease): localization, pathogenesis, morphology, CPAS
• Aneurysms:
• definition, types of aneurysms
• Atherosclerotic aneurysms of the abdominal aorta (location, pathogenesis, morphology, CAD)
• Syphilitic aortitis and syphilitic aneurysm (location, pathogenesis, morphology, CPAS)
• Dissecting aortic aneurysm (location, pathogenesis, morphology, association with Marfan syndrome, other CHDs)
• Diseases of the veins
• Varicose veins (pathogenesis, morphology, CAD)
• Phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis (pathogenesis, complications)
• Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava syndrome (pathogenesis, CSF)
• Diseases of the lymphatic system
• Lymphangitis (causative agents, CPAS)
• Primary and secondary lymphedema (etiological factors, morphology, complications, CPAS)
• Vascular neoplasms
• Cavernous and capillary hemangiomas (morphology, location)
• Glomangioma (glomus tumor): morphology, localization, histogenesis
• Hemangioendothelioma (morphology, biological behavior, KPS)
• Angiosarcoma (morphology, biological behavior, association with certain chemical carcinogens)
Kaposi's sarcoma. Types, morphology (depending on stage), association with AIDS and clinical course, comments on HHV-8 etiology