ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ I - ΚΥΤΤΑΡΙΚΗ ΒΙΟΛΟΓΙΑ - Τμημα Ιατρικής

BIOLOGY I – CELL BIOLOGY

Lesson Code:	BE0101

Professor in charge:	Trahana Varvara, Assistant Professor – Permanent

Other Teachers:	I. Papathanasiou, A. Damalas, Murmoura Evanthia, Ioannis Kyriazis

ECTS:	5.00

Type\|Type of Course:	YP \| BACKGROUND

Teaching Semester:	1st Semester

Hours per week:	6 hours

Total Time (Teaching Hours + Student Workload)	149 Hours

Prerequisites:	OXI

Language of Instruction:	Greek

Available for Erasmus:	YES

Semester Lectures:	Details/Lectures

Teaching Method:	Face-to-face-Lectures Lectures are not mandatory Post lectures on e-class and communicate with students via e-class, email.

Evaluation Method:	Students are tested in writing through a multiple choice test and short answer questions. In addition, students are given the possibility of written assignments and/or public (students-staff of the Biology laboratory) presentation of a topic related to the content of the course.

Objective Objectives/Desired Results:	The general purpose of the course is to introduce students to the biology of the cell, as the basic structural and functional unit of the phenomenon of life. In particular, the physiological properties of cells, their structure, their organelles, their interactions with each other and with the environment, as well as the way in which they ensure the necessary energy, their life cycle, their division and their death are analyzed. Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the structure of biological membranes and their role in the transport of molecules through them as well as in the communication between intracellular compartments. Signal transmission from the extracellular space to the cell's response (movement, division/death or change in gene expression) as well as the modes of intercellular communication are also thoroughly analyzed, while the importance of signaling dysfunction in the etiology of human diseases is also highlighted. Great importance is also given to the description of the process of cell division and death and to the analysis of the strict and multi-level regulation of these processes, in order for the student to understand the importance of their deregulation in the occurrence of diseases, such as cancer. Furthermore, the course seeks to provide students with the basic elements to understand the impact of cell function disturbances on the homeostasis of the organism and the occurrence of human diseases, which the student will be called upon to recognize and deal with in the future as a physician. The specific objectives of the course are specialized in the following intended learning outcomes: Upon successful completion of the course, the student will: • Has a basic understanding of cell biology and the differences between prokaryotic/eukaryotic organisms • Has a basic understanding of the biology of supramolecular structures (viruses, prions) • Can distinguish subcellular organelles and has knowledge of their functions • Has understood the structure and functional importance of membranes for the cell • Has understood how cells communicate (signal transduction) • Has understood the life cycle of the cell (growth, mitosis/decrease, cell death) • Has basic knowledge of the organization of cells in tissues/organs • Has understood the concept of cellular homeostasis and the main effects of its disturbance as the basis of the manifestation of diseases • Has knowledge of the basic techniques/instruments for the study of cells (microscopy, fractionation) • It is able to distinguish the various cell types of blood and can determine a person's blood type • Has understood the principles of a serological diagnostic method (ELISA), can understand the result and make the diagnosis • Can recognize and distinguish cell cycle/mitotic phases and calculate the mitotic index • Has fluency in using the microscope and the basic instruments of the laboratory (pipettes, centrifuges, water baths). General Skills Search, analysis and synthesis of data and information, using the necessary technologies Autonomous work Teamwork Generating new research ideas Respect for the natural environment Promotion of free, creative and inductive thinking

Course URL :

Course Description:	Θεωρία/Ενότητες:<br /> • Ενότητα 1: Εισαγωγή: Η σημασία της κυτταρικής βιολογίας στην Ιατρική<br /> Η κυτταρική βιολογία και τα εργαλεία της στην υπηρεσία της μοντέρνας Ιατρικής-Η σημασία του Human Cell Atlas- H επόμενη μεγάλη πρόκληση των βιοεπιστημόνων (καταγραφή όλων των κυτταρικών τύπων και υποτύπων στο ανθρώπινο σώμα, χαρτογράφηση των τύπων των κυττάρων και της θέσης τους μέσα στους ιστούς, διάκριση μεταξύ αδρανούς, ενεργοποιημένου, διαφοροποιημένου κυττάρου, διάκριση υγιούς κυττάρου από το παθολογικό). </p> <p>• Unit 2: Biomolecules-The chemical composition of cells<br /> The chemistry of life, Chemical bonds (covalent, ionic bonds), Biomolecules: sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides, Macromolecules: polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.</p> <p>• Unit 3: Structure and function of proteins<br /> Amino acids, peptides, peptide bond, polypeptide chains, Shape determines the function of proteins, Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure, Protein families, How proteins work - Enzymes, structure and action - Antibodies, structure and action. Basic principles of a serological diagnosis method-ELISA, How we study proteins-Protein electrophoresis </p> <p>• Unit 4: Supramolecular structures (phages-viruses-prions)<br /> Structure of viruses, Classification of viruses, Viruses and host range, DNA viruses (adenoviruses, Papillomavirus), RNA viruses (positive polarity, negative polarity)- Retroviruses, coronaviruses, etc., Viruses of bacteria: phages-Lytic cycle-Lysogenic cycle, Animal Viruses: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Viroids, Prions- Mad Cow Disease, Creuztfeldt-Jakob Disease, Virus Diagnosis. </p> <p>• Unit 5: Methods of studying cells<br /> Microscopy-electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, live cell microscopy, Cell separation and fractionation, Cell cultures and cell lines, Cell banks</p> <p>• Unit 6: Energy-Catalysis-Biosynthesis<br /> The use of energy by cells, Cells convert energy from one form to another, The oxidation of organic molecules, How enzymes find their substrates, Activated carriers and biosynthesis-ATP, Redox reactions (NADH, NADPH)</p> <p>• Unit 7: Cell membranes<br /> The membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, The nuclear membrane, The membranes of other organelles, Structure of the cytoplasmic membrane - The lipid bilayer and the fluid mosaic model, The role of cholesterol, Synthesis of new membranes in the endoplasmic reticulum, Membranes site of connection with the membrane, proteins Membrane pores (a helices and b leaflets), The glycocalyx- The neutrophil glycocalyx and its importance in detecting an infection, The membranous cortex-Disorders of cortical proteins- Spectrin abnormalities, Membrane regions-Diffusion barriers- Tight junctions- The importance of this structure in the generation of epithelia - The example of the intestinal epithelium</p> <p>• Unit 8: Transport across cell membranes<br /> Principles of membrane transport, Specialized carrier proteins: Carrier proteins, Passive transport, Glucose carriers and abnormalities in glucose carriers, Active transport (coupled transporters, ATP-driven pumps, light-driven pumps), The Na+/ K+ ATPase and the maintenance of osmotic balance, Protein channels-Ion channels and gating (voltage-gated, ligand-gated, mechanically gated)-Ion channels and membrane potential- How membrane potential is generated-Ion channels and signaling in nerve cells-Energy potential, How the energy potential is transferred from one cell to another-Conversion of an electrical signal into a chemical signal by neurotransmitters-The role of voltage-gated Ca+2 channels and ligand-gated ion channels of target cells , Ion channels controlled by neurotransmitters are the primary targets of psychotropic drugs</p> <p>• Unit 9: Cell organelles<br /> Non-membrane organelles: Ribosome, nucleolus, centrosome. Their main functions</p> <p>• Unit 10: The Intracellular Compartments<br /> Membrane organelles-Nucleus, Mitochondria, Peroxisomes (oxidation of toxic substances), Organelles involved in the secretory-endocytic pathway/Endoplasmic reticulum (LED: synthesis of lipids-specific proteins/AED: synthesis of proteins)/Golgi system (modification and sorting of macromolecules)/Endosomes (sorting of material after endocytosis) /Lysosomes (intracellular degradation), The origin of the nuclear membrane and mitochondria</p> <p>• Unit 11: Transport between intracellular compartments<br /> Organization and maintenance of the proteins of the compartments, Sorting and transport of proteins (protein sorting) - How the proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm reach the target organelle, How the proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm penetrate the membrane of the target organelle, Signaling sequences (for the nucleus-NLS, mitochondria, ED), Transport through nuclear pores, Transport through transporter proteins (mitochondria), Transport through transporter proteins-Peroxisomes- Zellweger disease, Transport through transporter proteins- ED, Transport from the ED to the membrane (and vice versa) and the other compartments-Transport by vesicles, Endocytosis-basic mechanisms, Clathrin-coated vesicles, How the vesicle recognizes the target membrane, The vSNARES and tSNARES proteins and the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane of presynaptic neurons-vSNARES and tSNARES as targets of bacterial toxins -Salandiasis and Tetanus, Exocytosis-control of processing and configuration of proteins that will be released, Glycosylation of proteins in ED- Mechanism, Energy-acceptable folding of the protein-Quality control in ED and Cystic Fibrosis, Constitutive exocytosis pathway, Regulated exocytosis pathway, Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis-Phagosome-Fusion with lysosome-Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome-tuberculosis, Lysosomal aggregation diseases-Gaucher, Pompe disease , Fabry, MPS I-IV, Cholesterol receptors and their uptake-Dysfunction of these receptors, hypercholesterolemia, atheromatous plaque formation, Highly pathogenic organisms use the receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway to enter the cell- HIV and AIDS</p> <p>• Unit 12: Communication between cells-Signal Transduction<br /> General principles of cell signaling - Signal transduction, Endocrine communication - Paracrine signaling - Close contact (neuronal, contact-dependent), Small molecules that cross the membrane, for example NO and the action of nitroglycerin in the treatment of acute angina, The action of Viagra, The testosterone receptor and the feminizing testis syndrome-Questions of gender identity, Large molecules that cannot cross the membrane and their receptors- intracellular signaling sequences, Receptors linked to ion channels, Receptors linked with G-proteins -Cholera, Pertussis, G-proteins that activate membrane enzymes (adenylate cyclase —responsible for the formation of cAMP, phospholipase C, responsible for the formation of inositol triphosphate and diacylglycerol) -second messengers (second messengers), The pathway of cyclic AMP activates enzymes and genes, Enzyme-linked receptors -Receptors with tyrosine kinase activity and the Ras protein, Receptors associated with tyrosine kinases JAKS, Receptors with threonine/serine kinase activity</p> <p>• Unit 13: Cells get energy from food<br /> Degradation and utilization of sugars and lipids, Glycolysis, Regulation of metabolism, The feedback mechanism</p> <p>• Unit 14: Mitochondria and energy production<br /> Cells obtain energy through a membrane-based mechanism, Mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation, Mitochondria change shape to respond to cell functions, Cellular respiration is highly efficient</p> <p>• Unit 15: Cytoskeleton<br /> Cell fibrils-Intermediate fibrils, Keratin fibrils-Keratin gene mutations affecting the formation of intermediate fibrils-Epidermolysis fissula, Microtubules-Microtubules sprout from organizing centers—ketrosomes-Centrioles and their role, Centriole as organizer of the basal body of flagella-the Meckel-Gruber syndrome (inability of proper migration of centrioles), Microtubule growth shows dynamic instability, Microtubule poisons and their applications (colchicine, taxol), Microtubules drive cell polarization, Motor proteins-Transport by length of microtubules, Actin Filaments and microvilli (intestinal fringes)/small contractile bundles in cytoplasm/transient projections (creeping fibroblast)/contractile ring (cytokinesis), Cell creep depends on cortical actin -Cell Movement, Integrins nucleate actin filaments on the intracellular side</p> <p>• Unit 16: Cell cycle: Mitosis<br /> Why do cells divide, The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells is divided into 4 phases, Mitosis is divided into 4 phases-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, The cytoskeleton performs both mitosis and cytokinesis, Cytokinesis</p> <p>• Unit 17: Cell cycle regulation<br /> Cell cycle control system-biochemical switches, Cell cycle checkpoints (molecular brakes), Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases-activation and deactivation of critical kinases, The G1/S checkpoint, The G2/M checkpoint and p53 protein and cancer, Cdk inhibitors (p16, p21), Centrosome cycle-chromosome cycle abnormalities, multiple centrosomes in cancer, Chromosome segregation and the mitotic spindle conformation checkpoint ( spindle assembly checkpoint-SAC)-Damage to SAC-meroterminal junctions of chromosomes, aneuploidy, lagging chromosomes, intercellular bridges, micronuclei, binucleate cells, Chromothripsis<br /> • Unit 18: Cell cycle: Reduction<br /> Creation of haploid gametes-One round of DNA replication, two rounds of cell division, Pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over, Meiosis is not infallible-Gametes with the wrong number of chromosomes-The example of trisomy 21, Mendel and the laws of inheritance, Dominant and recessive genes</p> <p>• Unit 19: Cell Death-Programmed Cell Death/Apoptosis<br /> Why is cell death important-Development-Embryogenesis-Homeostasis, Disorders of apoptosis (neurodegenerative diseases, cancer), Types of cell death (Firoptosis, anoxia, mitotic catastrophe, netting, ferroptosis), Necrosis vs apoptosis, Cellular morphology of apoptosis, The role of of caspases in programmed cell death, Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis-Mitochondria, Cytochrome C, Apoptosome, Caspases, Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis-Death ligands (FasL, TNF, TRAIL), Death receptors, Caspases, TNF-initiated signaling, The family Bcl2 (pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic family members), Removal of apoptotic cells - Phagocytosis - Expression of special signals (eat-me signals) on the cell surface - Phosphatidylserine, Anoikis = Anoikis - loss of intercellular communication or communication with the extracellular substance , Autophagy and autophagic cell death-Related diseases</p> <p>• Unit 20: Extracellular substance/Tissues-Organs<br /> Extracellular layer and connective tissues, Diversity of connective tissues, Collagen, laminin, Genetic disorder in collagenase and pathological skin extensibility, Epithelial sheets, Epithelial cells have a polarized internal organization, Intercellular junctions- Tight junctions, Adhesion junctions, Desmosome, Gap junction, Hemi-desmosomes, Adhesion junctions, desmosome junctions and the transmembrane cadherins</p> <p>• Unit 21: Disturbance of cellular homeostasis - Stem cells - Cancer<br /> Different tissues renew themselves at different rates-Adult Stem Cells, The pattern of skin cell renewal, The price of the ability to renew and repair damage-Cancer, Cancer cells acquire properties that give them a competitive advantage</p> <p>Laboratory Exercises<br /> 1. Peripheral blood centrifugation<br /> • A. Sedimentation centrifugation<br /> • B. Density gradient centrifugation (using Ficoll): Isolation of mononuclei and viability check with trypan blue blocking dye<br /> 2. Microscopy of blood cells<br /> • Observation of the different types of blood cells in a photon microscope<br /> • Classification and identification of leukocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils)<br /> 3. Determination of Blood Group<br /> • Surface antigens of blood cells: ABO system-Rhezus system<br /> • Determination of blood group (ABO/Rhezus)<br /> 4. Mitosis-Mitotic index<br /> • Observation of cells in various phases of the cycle<br /> • Identify the phases of mitosis<br /> • Determination of mitotic index<br /> 5. Preparation of metaphase chromosomes<br /> • Culture of peripheral blood in the presence of mitogen<br /> • Preparation of metaphase chromosomes<br /> • Identification of metaphase chromosomes-karyotype analysis

Recommended reading:	-Suggested Bibliography: 1) [EVDOXOS 102069992]: Basic Principles of Cell Biology, Alberts B., Bray D., Hopkin K., Johnson A., Lewis J., Raff M., Roberts K., Walter P. 2) [SUCCESSFUL 102123643] THE CELL, Geoffrey M. Cooper -Related scientific journals: Cell, Journal of Cell Science, Nature Reviews, Molecular Cell Biology, Nature Cell Biology, Trends in Cell Biology, Cell Research

BIOLOGY I – CELL BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY I – CELL BIOLOGY

BIOLOGY I – CELL BIOLOGY

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