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Module 1
Inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases. Basic histopathological changes of the skin after the action of agents that cause damage. Basic macroscopic and microscopic terms.
Acute inflammatory skin diseases: Urticaria, Acute eczematous dermatitis, Erythema multiforme, p. Stevens-Johnson, toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Chronic inflammatory skin diseases: Psoriasis, Lichen planus.
Vesicular (bullous) diseases: Pemphigus, Bullous pemphigoid, Dermatitis herpetiformis.
Skin infections: Herpes, Warts, Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis, Infectious terminthos, Trichophytosis, Subcutaneous fungal infections, Infections by common bacteria, Leprosy, Tuberculosis, Leishmaniasis, Syphilis, Scabies.
Tumors and neoplastic lesions
Seborrheic keratosis, Keratoacanthoma, Actinic keratosis, Trichoepithelioma, Dermatofibroma,
Dermatofibrosarcoma, Keloid, Fibroepithelial polyps, Acanthosis melanosa, Neurinoma, Neurolimmoma, Lipoma.
Tumors of skin appendages with apocrine differentiation: Apocrine cystadenoma, Syringocystadenoma, papilloma, Hidradenoma, papillary, Cylindroma, Apocrine carcinoma.
Tumors with extrinsic differentiation: Hidradenoma, eccrine, clear cell, Poroma, Globular adenoma, Hydrocystoma, Syringoma, Microcystic carcinoma.
Malignant epidermal tumors: Squamous cell carcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma
Tumors and neoplastic lesions of melanocytes: Melanocytic nevi, Dysplastic nevi, Malignant melanoma, mycosis Fungoides.
Module 2
Endocrine system: diseases of the thyroid, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, endocrine part of the pancreas.
Thyroid gland diseases: general view, hyperplasia, neoplasms, inflammations. “Nodular” goiter, Grave’s disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Subacute thyroiditis, Riedel disease, Follicular adenoma, Follicular carcinoma with minimal invasion, Follicular carcinoma with extensive infiltration, Papillary carcinoma, Anaplastic carcinoma, Myeloid carcinoma, Differential diagnosis of solitary thyroid tumor.
Diseases of parathyroid glands: general view, hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma. Adenoma, hyperplasia, carcinoma morphology.
Adrenal gland diseases: general view, hyperplasia, neoplasia, inflammations.
Cushing’s syndrome, morphological evidence in adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing’s adenoma.
Morphological criteria supporting the diagnosis of adrenal carcinoma (detailed presentation).
Hyperaldosteronism, Conn’s syndrome/adrenocortical adenoma, Congenital hyperplasia, Cortico-adrenal insufficiency. Pheochromocytoma, Neuroblastoma.
Pituitary diseases: general view, neoplasia, inflammation.
Adenomas: clinical appearance, macroscopic and microscopic images, immunohistochemistry, malignancy criteria, ectopic appearances.
Diseases of endocrine part of the pancreas: Normal morphology. Immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy. Clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, Insulinoma, Gastrinoma. Glucagonoma. VIPoma. MENIA, MENIIB. Neuromas in various locations.
Module 3
Lung diseases: Categories of atelectasis depending on the mechanism. Pathoanatomical changes of acute pulmonary edema of cardiac etiology and differences from pulmonary edema due to diffuse damage of the alveolar walls. Clinical laboratory definition of restrictive and obstructive lung disease. Emphysema. Pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. Definition of bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia. Primary atypical pneumonias. Tuberculosis. Primary Gohn’s complex, secondary tuberculosis, tuberculous tuberculosis. Conditions associated with ARDS. Chronic interstitial lung disease. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Sarcoidosis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Asbestosis and silicosis. Lung cancer. Histological types of lung cancer. Prognostic histological and molecular prognostic factors. Neuroendocrine carcinomas and carcinoids. Mesothelioma. Differential diagnosis from mesothelial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma.
INJURIES OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT: Infections. Carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Histological image, pathogenesis/ EBV, prognosis. Benign and malignant neoplasms of the larynx. The concept of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.
Module 4
Μusculoskeletal system diseases. Congenital and hereditary bone diseases. Achondroplasia and osteogenesis imperfecta. Definition of osteoporosis, clinical features and pathological conditions associated. The role of parathyroid hormone in bone metabolism and bone diseases associated with hyperparathyroidism. Renal osteodystrophy. Paget’s disease.
Acute and chronic pyogenic osteomyelitis. Tuberculous osteomyelitis. Osteonecrosis.
Bone tumors. Osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma. Osteosarcoma: clinical features and prognosis. Macroscopic and microscopic imaging: the histological ΄΄mimics΄΄ of osteosarcoma, potential difficulties in differential diagnosis and the importance of radiological imaging. Osteochondroma, enchondroma. Chondrosarcoma. Giant cell tumor of bone. Ewing’s sarcoma/PNET. Cytogenetic findings associated with pathogenesis- the importance of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Fibrous Dysplasia. Chronic osteoarthritis. Gout. Muscular atrophy, fibromuscular atrophy. Myasthenia Gravis. Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy.
Soft tissue tumors. Principles of classification and staging. Specific cytogenetic changes associated with pathogenesis and diagnosis in soft tissue tumors. Applications of FISH. Lipoma, Liposarcoma. Fibroids, fibrosarcoma. Rhabdomyosarcoma. Leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma.
Module 5
Central Nervous system diseases: Neurons (morphology, function, basic histopathological changes),
Astrocytes and their common reactive changes to various damaging factors (morphology, function, astrocytic gliosis, hemicellular astrocytes, Rosenthal fibers, Alzheimer type II astrocytes, amyloid bodies). Oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells (morphology, function, basic histopathological changes). Microglial cells (morphology, function, participation in phagocytosis and in viral infections). Brain edema, Brain tumors: Supramedullary helix impingement – Interstage helix hooking, Cerebellar tonsillar intussusception, Hydrocephalus.
Vascular diseases of the brain: Total hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy (“ventilator brain”)
Brain infarcts, Intracranial hemorrhages: a) primary cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage b) saccular aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhages.
Vascular dysplasia: a) arteriovenous, b) cavernous hemangiomas, c) capillary telangiectasias, d) venous hemangiomas.
CNS injuries: Epidural hematoma, Subdural hematoma, Traumatic parenchymal lesions, Congenital malformations, and perinatal brain damage. Neural tube defects, Hydrocephalus associated defects, Disorders of forebrain development, Neurocutaneous syndromes (Neurofibromatosis type I and II, nodular sclerosis, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome and Sturge-Weber disease).
Perinatal lesions (hemorrhages of vegetative intercellular substance, periventricular leukomalacia, gray matter lesions). Traumatic parenchymal lesions.
CNS infections:
Acute purulent meningitis, Acute lymphocytic (viral) meningitis, Chronic meningitis, Brain abscess, Viral encephalitis: a) herpes encephalitis, b) CMV encephalitis, c) HIV encephalopathy
Spongiform encephalopathies: Primary myelin diseases, Multiple sclerosis, Other acquired demyelinating diseases, Leukodystrophies.
Degenerative CNS diseases: Alzheimer’s disease, Pick’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Degenerative motor neuron diseases: a) myotrophic lateral sclerosis/ALS, b) Werding-Hoffmann disease.
CNS neoplasms: Gliomas. Astrocytic neoplasms: a) pilocytic astrocytoma, b) fibrillary astrocytoma, c) anaplastic astrocytoma, d) glioblastoma multiforme. Oligodendrogliomas. Ependymomas. Fetal tumors: a) Medulloblastoma, b) CNS-PNET. Meningiomas. Tumors of the peripheral nervous system: a) schwannomas and b) neurinomas.
Module 6
Haemopoietic and lymphatic system diseases: Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow.
Analysis of immunohistochemistry technique and its usefulness. The concept of clonality. Analysis of in situ hybridization techniques and molecular techniques for the study of clonality and the search for specific cytogenetic alterations-pathogenic mechanisms for lymphomas.
Anemias. Differential diagnosis of iron-deficient megaloblastic and aplastic anemia. Sickle cell anemia. B-Thalassemia. Myelodysplastic syndromes. Myeloproliferative syndromes: Idiopathic thrombocythemia. Idiopathic polycythemia, idiopathic myelination. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Acute myeloid leukemia. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoblastic lymphoma. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small cell lymphoma. Plasma cell myeloma. Monoclonal gammopathy, Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, primary amyloidosis. Langerhans histiocytosis. Acute and chronic reactive lymphadenitis. Granulomatous lymphadenitis. Infectious mononucleosis. Classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas. Specific cytogenetic alterations/chromosomal translocations diagnostic for specific types of lymphomas. Specific pathogens associated with lymphomagenesis.
B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Lymphoid lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, Mantle lymphoma, MALT lymphoma.
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas from T cells: Anaplastic lymphoma, “mycosis Fungoides”, Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Hodgkin’s lymphoma, histological subtypes-morphology of neoplastic cells. Causes of splenomegaly. Thymomas.
Modules 12
Molecular carcinogenesis – Epigenetics: Hypermethylation, hypomethylation, histone modifications, microRNAs, liquid biopsy species, cell free circulating DNA, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles.
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